Build a sustainable future with these Eco Design basics

How eco-design contributes to a circular economy?

The circular economy is a model that aims to eliminate waste and keep resources in use for as long as possible. Unlike the traditional linear economy – where products are made, used, and then discarded – the circular economy focuses on reuse, recycling, and reducing waste.

Eco-design supports the circular economy by designing products that can be easily repaired, repurposed, or recycled. This reduces the need for new raw materials and minimizes waste, making production more sustainable.

Many forward-thinking companies are embracing innovative business models that align with eco-design principles and promote a circular economy. Here are some business models and initiatives to consider:

• Modular products. Products designed with interchangeable parts can be repaired or upgraded, extending their lifespan. For instance, Fairphone offers a smartphone that allows users to easily replace parts like the battery or camera.
• Recycling systems. These are programs or processes that facilitate the collection and reprocessing of used products into new materials or items. Nike, for example, has developed take-back programs that allow customers to return worn-out shoes, which are then recycled into materials for new products.
• Product-as-a-service. Instead of selling products outright, companies can offer services that allow consumers to use products without owning them, reducing the need for frequent replacements. Rent the Runway, for instance, allows customers to rent clothing instead of purchasing it, reducing clothing waste.

By promoting reuse and recycling, eco-design helps close the loop in the product life cycle, aligning with the goals of a circular economy.

The product life cycle’s role in eco-design

The product life cycle refers to the stages a product goes through, from raw material extraction to production, use, and disposal. Eco-design requires evaluating the environmental impact at each of these stages to reduce waste and emissions.

One of the most effective tools for this is a life cycle assessment (LCA), a methodology that assesses the environmental impact of a product from its beginning to its end. It includes factors such as energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and resource use.

The key stages of the product life cycle are:

1. Raw material extraction. This stage involves sourcing the materials needed for production. Eco-design encourages using recycled or renewable materials to reduce the demand for virgin resources.
2. Production. The manufacturing process is where much of a product’s environmental impact can be controlled. Eco-design strategies include using energy-efficient machinery, reducing waste, and optimizing processes to minimize emissions.
3. Use phase. Products designed with energy efficiency in mind reduce their environmental footprint during this phase. For example, energy-efficient appliances or electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to consume less energy while still performing their intended function.
4. End-of-life. Eco-design ensures that products are recyclable or biodegradable, minimizing waste at the end of their life cycle.

For instance, Tesla designs its electric vehicles with the end of life in mind, ensuring that key components, like batteries, can be recycled. This aligns with the principles of eco-design by reducing both emissions during the use phase and waste at the end-of-life stage.

How to design for end-of-life: reuse, recycling, and beyond

A critical aspect of eco-design is planning for products’ end-of-life. This means considering how a product can be reused, recycled, or safely disposed of once it has reached the end of its useful life.

Cradle-to-cradle design is an approach that encourages designing products so that they can be fully recycled or repurposed at the end of their lifecycle. This ensures that products don’t contribute to waste and can continue to add value long after their original purpose has been fulfilled.

Examples of cradle-to-cradle design include:

• Recyclable packaging. Many companies offer packaging that can be returned, cleaned, and reused, reducing the need for single-use materials.
• Repairable electronics. Forward-thinking companies offer products that let users replace individual components, extending the products’ lives and reducing the need to consume additional resources.

Designing for end-of-life helps close the loop in the product life cycle and ensures that products contribute to a sustainable economy.

Sustainable materials used in eco-design

One of the most significant aspects of eco-design is the use of sustainable materials. These are materials that either come from renewable sources or can be recycled after use, reducing the need for new resources. By focusing on sustainable inputs, eco-design helps conserve natural resources and reduces environmental harm.

Types of sustainable materials include:

• Renewable materials. These are sourced from resources that naturally replenish, such as bamboo, cork, and sustainably harvested wood.
• Recycled materials. These materials are repurposed from post-consumer products, such as recycled plastics, metals, or glass, reducing the need for new raw materials.
• Biodegradable materials. These materials break down naturally over time without harming the environment, like bioplastics made from plant starches or compostable packaging.

For example, Patagonia uses recycled polyester in many of its products, diverting waste from landfills while reducing the environmental cost of sourcing new raw materials. This approach reduces waste and cuts down on the production process’s carbon footprint.

Ways to incorporate eco-design in business practices

Eco-design requires thoughtful decision-making throughout the entire product development process. From material selection to manufacturing and disposal, every decision can influence the product’s environmental impact.

Collaboration among stakeholders, including manufacturers, designers, and consumers, ensures that sustainability remains a priority throughout the design process.

Key steps in the eco-design methodology include:

Material selection

Choosing renewable, recycled, or biodegradable materials is essential to reducing environmental harm. Opt for resources that are responsibly sourced and have minimal carbon footprints. For example, using plant-based plastics or recycled metals can help cut down waste and reduce the need for virgin materials.

Designing for efficiency

Efficiency is crucial in both the use of materials and energy. Create products that are lightweight and made with fewer resources, ensuring they have a minimal environmental impact throughout their lifecycle. Additionally, consider how the product will use energy and whether it can operate with renewable or low-energy consumption technologies.

Planning for end-of-life

Products should be designed with their entire lifecycle in mind, particularly how they can be disassembled or recycled once they reach the end of their use. Make it easy for components to be reused or recycled to reduce landfill waste. For example, modular designs allow individual parts to be replaced or upgraded instead of discarding the whole product.

Reducing carbon footprint

A key focus of eco-design is reducing a product’s carbon footprint, which is the total greenhouse gas emissions generated throughout its life cycle. A product’s carbon footprint is determined by several factors, including the materials used, manufacturing processes, and transportation methods.

By adopting eco-design principles, companies can take meaningful steps to lower these emissions and mitigate climate change.

How eco-design promotes resource stewardship

Reducing waste is a central goal of eco-design. By using resources more efficiently and designing products to last longer, eco-design minimizes the environmental impact associated with production and disposal.

This approach contributes to resource stewardship, which refers to the responsible use and protection of natural resources through conservation and sustainable practices. Eco-design promotes resource stewardship by conserving raw materials, reducing energy consumption, and minimizing the strain on ecosystems caused by excess waste and pollution.

Waste-reduction strategies in eco-design include:

• Designing for longevity. Products made with durable materials last longer, reducing the need for frequent replacements. 
• Using fewer materials. Streamlined designs that use fewer materials can significantly reduce waste. Samsung has adopted eco-friendly packaging for its products, reducing the amount of plastic used in its boxes.

By embracing resource stewardship as an environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practice, companies can ensure that they use resources responsibly, minimizing waste and avoiding the depletion of natural resources.

The importance of energy efficiency in product design

Energy efficiency is at the heart of eco-design. Products designed with energy efficiency in mind reduce environmental impact during their use phase, often the most resource-intensive part of a product’s life cycle. By requiring less energy to use, these products help lower emissions and operating costs for consumers.

Examples of energy-efficient designs include:

• LED lighting. LED bulbs use up to 80% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs and last longer, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
• ENERGY STAR appliances. Appliances certified by the ENERGY STAR program meet strict energy efficiency guidelines, using less power while still providing optimal performance.
• Electric vehicles. EVs are designed to reduce reliance on fossil fuels by using electricity instead of gasoline, significantly lowering emissions during their use phase.

In the manufacturing process, energy efficiency can also be improved by using renewable energy sources like wind or solar to power production facilities. For instance, Apple has committed to powering all of its global facilities with 100% renewable energy, reducing the energy consumption and emissions associated with its manufacturing process.

Building a sustainable future through eco-design

Eco-design minimizes environmental impact, conserves resources, and reduces waste by considering the entire product lifecycle and focusing on sustainability at every stage.

As businesses and consumers increasingly embrace these principles, we can move closer to a world where products are not only functional but also environmentally responsible.

At IMD, we believe that leaders have a unique opportunity to drive sustainability in their organizations. Our “Leading Sustainable Business Transformation“ program helps participants integrate eco-design principles and sustainable practices into their business strategies. Together, we can design a future that balances innovation with environmental stewardship.