The recent social upheavals in countries as distant as Venezuela or the Ukraine should be no surprise to anyone that has analyzed in detail the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook for the last years. Both countries sit at the bottom of our sample of countries, and especially so in criteria related to business and government efficiency. Be it either cause or an effect or other problems, truth is that these two countries have shown the damaging consequences of a lack of social cohesion. Ultimately, societies that do not build inclusive institutions end up confronting one part of the society with another.
In the 2013 Yearbook, the Ukraine and Venezuela rank respectively in the 52nd and 60th positions in social cohesion (survey question: “Social Cohesion is improving [Y/N]”). Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria and Argentina join Venezuela in the bottom five countries for this criterion. In 2011 and 2012, the Ukraine and Venezuela were the worst two countries out of sixty. Between 2008 and 2013, the countries where social cohesion has deteriorated the most are – not surprisingly – European: Portugal, Latvia, Spain, Luxembourg, France, Greece, and Germany.
The OECD characterizes a society cohesive if “it works towards the well-being of all its members, fights exclusion and marginalization, creates a sense of belonging, promotes trust, and offers its members the opportunity of upward social mobility.”[1] In the same article, the authors argue that the three pillars of social cohesion are social inclusion, social capital, and social mobility. Social inclusion is negatively related to income inequality; social capital is a combination of trust and civic engagement; social mobility reflects the degree to which people can change their position in society. We can immediately identify, based on this characterization, the cause for the lack of social cohesion in the countries below: in Venezuela and Argentina, social fragmentation results from income inequality, while the Ukraine lacks the necessary social capital to bring society together.
Social cohesion is a very important driver of long-term prosperity and competitiveness. Cohesive societies are politically stable and focus on economic growth and business development. Social cohesion itself is built over years, not overnight. It results from policies that allow everybody in society to share its prosperity. It makes competitiveness sustainable. Our ranking of social cohesion in 2008 explains 20 percent of the variation in Political Instability in 2013. By the way, on the “Risk of Political Instability”, the worst two countries in 2013 are…the Ukraine and Venezuela.
[1] OECD 2011, “Perspectives on Global Development 2012—Social Cohesion in a Shifting World”
How China's journey of self-reliance, innovation, and strategic resilience under "Made in China 2025" continues to redefine its global role amid ongoing geopolitical tensions and renewed policy challenges.
Your gut instinct matters in a data-driven world. IMD’s Heather Cairns-Lee & Eugene Sadler-Smith explain how intuition enhances decision-making in uncertainty.
Early in his career, Dolf van den Brink did everything he could to project an image of authority – including wearing spectacles he didn’t need. It wasn’t until he learned to be comfortable in his skin that he began to excel as a leader, he tells ...
A balanced assessment of the past eight years is that, in terms of trade policy, America has turned protectionist, implementing significant measures to restrict domestic market access to foreign (non-US) imports.
Key minds behind the Hinrich-IMD Sustainable Trade Index – Deborah Elms, Chuin Wei Yap, Christos Cabolis, and Simon Evenett – explain how decision-makers can benefit from looking at industrial policy in granular detail, given its resurgence and th...
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications